{"id":40542,"date":"2026-06-10T14:56:39","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T12:56:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/?p=40542"},"modified":"2026-06-10T14:57:22","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T12:57:22","slug":"pastoralism-in-georgia-faces-several-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/en\/pastoralism-in-georgia-faces-several-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Pastoralism in Georgia faces several challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-d8z15tq-b8a04fc377b974bf5236714cf6df7422\">\n.avia-section.av-d8z15tq-b8a04fc377b974bf5236714cf6df7422{\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\nbackground-image:url(https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-5-1-scaled.jpg);\nbackground-position:50% 50%;\nbackground-attachment:scroll;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-d8z15tq-b8a04fc377b974bf5236714cf6df7422 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  data-section-bg-repeat='no-repeat'><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-40542'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ckve5y6-d3898d43ddc70e5a83c20390b1e146a9\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-ckve5y6-d3898d43ddc70e5a83c20390b1e146a9{\nheight:300px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-ckve5y6-d3898d43ddc70e5a83c20390b1e146a9 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-1  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c1di8vy-ea1e350a5254f98a32271999eb655526\">\n.avia-section.av-c1di8vy-ea1e350a5254f98a32271999eb655526{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-c1di8vy-ea1e350a5254f98a32271999eb655526 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-40542'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-br7l8hq-bf382bf82d6453745ae91a5e1747e94f sc-av_four_fifth av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-br7l8hq-bf382bf82d6453745ae91a5e1747e94f\">\n.flex_column.av-br7l8hq-bf382bf82d6453745ae91a5e1747e94f{\nwidth:79.3%;\nmargin-left:0;\n}\n#top .flex_column_table.av-equal-height-column-flextable.av-br7l8hq-bf382bf82d6453745ae91a5e1747e94f .av-flex-placeholder{\nwidth:3.5%;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-br7l8hq-bf382bf82d6453745ae91a5e1747e94f av_four_fifth  avia-builder-el-3  el_before_av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-bottom  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6mpodo-6decdc61f8e1ecfc126362006054fa31 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The United Nations has designated 2026 as the \u201cInternational Year of Transhumance and Pastoralists\u201d to highlight the crucial role that these landscapes and communities play in food security, ecosystem conservation, climate resilience, and cultural heritage.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-b9yjzdq-49e74fd00571d6ae4f4c5154bc30d5dd\">\n.flex_column.av-b9yjzdq-49e74fd00571d6ae4f4c5154bc30d5dd{\nwidth:17.2%;\nmargin-left:0;\n}\n#top .flex_column_table.av-equal-height-column-flextable.av-b9yjzdq-49e74fd00571d6ae4f4c5154bc30d5dd .av-flex-placeholder{\nwidth:3.5%;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-b9yjzdq-49e74fd00571d6ae4f4c5154bc30d5dd av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_four_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-bottom  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-b0ksrwe-ad89b7ecd8459a410c22ad3ed56c818e\">\n.avia-logo-element-container.av-b0ksrwe-ad89b7ecd8459a410c22ad3ed56c818e .av-partner-fake-img{\nbackground-size:cover;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-logo-element-container av-b0ksrwe-ad89b7ecd8459a410c22ad3ed56c818e avia-logo-grid avia-content-slider avia-smallarrow-slider avia-content-grid-active noHover avia-content-slider-odd  avia-builder-el-6  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-content-slider1' ><div class='avia-smallarrow-slider-heading  no-logo-slider-heading '><div class='new-special-heading'>&nbsp;<\/div><\/div><div class=\"avia-content-slider-inner\"><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><div  class='slide-entry av-aj4sr0e-c106341dfe52234b9a9db9f8c3281800 flex_column no_margin av_fullwidth real-thumbnail post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-1 slide-parity-odd post-entry-last first'><span class='av-partner-fake-img' style='padding-bottom:89.810017271157%; background-image:url(https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/logo-ertoba-geo.png);'><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-9w9e9dq-d7af6c79fa30145074eeb7b68e20cc33\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-9w9e9dq-d7af6c79fa30145074eeb7b68e20cc33{\nheight:5px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-9w9e9dq-d7af6c79fa30145074eeb7b68e20cc33 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6mq7s6-4472ef9a10b741a0af558ad3beae9479 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Georgia is a small, mountainous country in the Caucasus with a strong tradition of extensive grazing, particularly for sheep and cattle. Pastoralism remains deeply rooted in rural communities, both economically and culturally. It is estimated that natural pastures cover approximately 1.8 million hectares, or 25% of the country\u2019s territory. These pastures are unevenly distributed according to altitude, topography, and climatic conditions: mountains, subalpine zones, valleys, and plains.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-y5neym-88495cc475f1dd547384b6c766b5be4c\">\n.avia-section.av-y5neym-88495cc475f1dd547384b6c766b5be4c{\nbackground-color:#d2cb50;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_3'  class='avia-section av-y5neym-88495cc475f1dd547384b6c766b5be4c main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-40542'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-8syjrem-5664d7e6ebb62b2e7467523c2e74a879 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-10  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6mqi7s-23d9ca08c6d16b65296d7102927e2fc2 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fert has been active in Georgia since 2011, working alongside the GBDC-AO technical team and the Ertoba farmers\u2019 association. Together, they launched a dairy advisory service and demonstrated that farmers could organize themselves. In the Samtskhe-Javakheti region, where Fert operates, farmers use pastures around the villages in the spring and fall. High-altitude pastures (or alpine pastures) are used mainly in the summer when forage production in village meadows is reduced, particularly due to the summer drought.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6ms4hf-a2eb3176f7e94890347c9a6d3e2be4e5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this context, seasonal transhumance remains widely practiced, with herds moving to high-mountain areas from May through September. This mobility allows for the optimal use of natural forage resources and helps limit the purchase of animal feed.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-8l8v6v2-41a5a18907d9f314afb3345e9a6e0b9f av_one_half  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_textblock  flex_column_div  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-zthh9a-3c303e70205cdb4c1fba910d7f0479be\">\n.avia-image-container.av-zthh9a-3c303e70205cdb4c1fba910d7f0479be img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-zthh9a-3c303e70205cdb4c1fba910d7f0479be .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-zthh9a-3c303e70205cdb4c1fba910d7f0479be av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-14  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-40526 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-40526 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title=''  height=\"1707\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-1030x687.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-1500x1000.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-390x260.jpg 390w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/geo-2025-shooting-photo-elevage-laitier-1-1320x880.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6mskn3-71c33888cce2ff927ca8bb935db5c866 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is particularly essential for smallholder farmers, for whom livestock serves as a source of income, a means of ensuring food security, and a factor in economic resilience.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-7fwwnsu-5e609ce09f949cd3217c6ca8107a18c2\">\n.avia-section.av-7fwwnsu-5e609ce09f949cd3217c6ca8107a18c2{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_4'  class='avia-section av-7fwwnsu-5e609ce09f949cd3217c6ca8107a18c2 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-40542'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mq6mu46m-0cbef6aee1b2bc2bbb3f38e93519ca6b\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mq6mu46m-0cbef6aee1b2bc2bbb3f38e93519ca6b{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mq6mu46m-0cbef6aee1b2bc2bbb3f38e93519ca6b .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mq6mu46m-0cbef6aee1b2bc2bbb3f38e93519ca6b .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mq6mu46m-0cbef6aee1b2bc2bbb3f38e93519ca6b av-special-heading-h2  avia-builder-el-17  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >The experience of Ma\u00efa Kochalidze, a transhumant breeder<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-793wsda-734f5a8bf0c3415f3e9fc180e1ce1772 sc-av_one_fourth av-equal-height-column-flextable'><div  class='flex_column av-793wsda-734f5a8bf0c3415f3e9fc180e1ce1772 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6jb8uzi-57b7ceec249c380dfacd7e329afa40a4\">\n.avia-image-container.av-6jb8uzi-57b7ceec249c380dfacd7e329afa40a4 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-6jb8uzi-57b7ceec249c380dfacd7e329afa40a4 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-6jb8uzi-57b7ceec249c380dfacd7e329afa40a4 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-19  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-40530 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-40530 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title=''  height=\"2560\" width=\"2539\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-scaled.jpg 2539w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-298x300.jpg 298w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-1021x1030.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-768x774.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-1523x1536.jpg 1523w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-2031x2048.jpg 2031w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-1488x1500.jpg 1488w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-387x390.jpg 387w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/maia-trimmed-1320x1331.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2539px) 100vw, 2539px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-6asorlq-15c0c62251d811dcf4ed15a9deb4bb4c av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-20  el_after_av_one_fourth  el_before_av_one_full  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6mvawc-6207f1c70e02896698dfd496be1a2307 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is the case for Ma\u00efa KOCHALIDZE, a livestock farmer in the village of Gomaro, in the Adigeni district. A former teacher, Ma\u00efa chose to devote herself entirely to farming, which allows her to earn a better income. Today, she owns a herd of 30 animals, including 13 dairy cows, 5 dry cows, 11 heifers, and 1 bull.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Like 90% of the families in her village, Ma\u00efa practices seasonal transhumance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5w0jj3y-9397935da77c6d774ee6dcbeb1e9d7ce\">\n.flex_column.av-5w0jj3y-9397935da77c6d774ee6dcbeb1e9d7ce{\nborder-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;\npadding:20px 20px 20px 20px;\nbackground-color:#265544;\n}\n.flex_column.av-5w0jj3y-9397935da77c6d774ee6dcbeb1e9d7ce .avia-divider-svg-top{\nborder-radius:20px 20px 0 0;\n}\n.flex_column.av-5w0jj3y-9397935da77c6d774ee6dcbeb1e9d7ce .avia-divider-svg-top svg{\nheight:50px;\nwidth:calc(100% + 1.3px);\nfill:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-5w0jj3y-9397935da77c6d774ee6dcbeb1e9d7ce av_one_full  avia-builder-el-22  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_one_full  first flex_column_div  '     ><div class='avia-divider-svg avia-divider-svg-opacity-fan avia-divider-svg-top avia-svg-original'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 283.5 19.6\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 18.8 141.8 4.1 283.5 18.8 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 12.6 141.8 4 283.5 12.6 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 6.4 141.8 4 283.5 6.4 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path d=\"M0 0L0 1.2 141.8 4 283.5 1.2 283.5 0z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/div><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5dpre8u-ae1714ba67fd768f1d56dae1ae46a1b8\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-5dpre8u-ae1714ba67fd768f1d56dae1ae46a1b8{\nheight:25px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-5dpre8u-ae1714ba67fd768f1d56dae1ae46a1b8 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-23  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mq6mwfxd-75c009d626acb33061a0781d9f31b876\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-mq6mwfxd-75c009d626acb33061a0781d9f31b876 .avia_textblock{\npadding:0 40px 0 40px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6mwfxd-75c009d626acb33061a0781d9f31b876 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u201cAt the end of May, we head up to the mountains with the herd of dairy cows and dry cows (the calves are raised separately). Sometimes, if the weather is bad, we wait until mid-June. The whole family helps me with the trek up, but after that, I\u2019m on my own in the mountains for four months. The rest of the family goes back down to the village to take care of the house, the farm, and to harvest fodder for the winter. Our mountain pasture is 18 kilometers from the village, and the road is in very poor condition. (\u2026) I\u2019ve been doing this for 20 years; and even as a child, I used to go there with my family. Going up to the mountain pasture is essential because we don\u2019t have enough grazing land in the village to feed our livestock. (\u2026) Up there, there are rocky pastures and meadows, and the food is abundant and of very high quality.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-4qkrtry-aa31b82d6975c1c17ce3548206974ec7 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6mxaaf-07be5579962c6da050721b5c3a4b28cd '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Life in the Alpine pastures<\/h2>\n<p>A typical day in Ma\u00efa\u2019s life:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-f9uofy-02c5e4dc94fca5787514b26f4d5cda70\">\n.flex_column.av-f9uofy-02c5e4dc94fca5787514b26f4d5cda70{\nborder-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;\npadding:20px 20px 20px 20px;\nbackground-color:#265544;\n}\n.flex_column.av-f9uofy-02c5e4dc94fca5787514b26f4d5cda70 .avia-divider-svg-top{\nborder-radius:20px 20px 0 0;\n}\n.flex_column.av-f9uofy-02c5e4dc94fca5787514b26f4d5cda70 .avia-divider-svg-top svg{\nheight:50px;\nwidth:calc(100% + 1.3px);\nfill:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-f9uofy-02c5e4dc94fca5787514b26f4d5cda70 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><div class='avia-divider-svg avia-divider-svg-opacity-fan avia-divider-svg-top avia-svg-original'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 283.5 19.6\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 18.8 141.8 4.1 283.5 18.8 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 12.6 141.8 4 283.5 12.6 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 6.4 141.8 4 283.5 6.4 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path d=\"M0 0L0 1.2 141.8 4 283.5 1.2 283.5 0z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/div><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3qwb9a6-8ce89058621512fd9e730d9eeec30e97\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-3qwb9a6-8ce89058621512fd9e730d9eeec30e97{\nheight:25px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-3qwb9a6-8ce89058621512fd9e730d9eeec30e97 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-28  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mq6myccf-50c7df1ce810d580bc2464cfa6643de8\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-mq6myccf-50c7df1ce810d580bc2464cfa6643de8 .avia_textblock{\npadding:0 40px 0 40px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6myccf-50c7df1ce810d580bc2464cfa6643de8 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u201cI start the day by milking the cows in the morning, then I let the herd out to pasture. I milk by hand because no collection truck can make it up here due to the road conditions, and it\u2019s impossible to deliver the milk to the village every day. So, I process the milk right here on the spot after each milking: I make Imeruli (a brined cheese produced throughout the country) with whole milk and also Chechili (a traditional cheese made from stretched and braided curds), for which I skim the milk &#8211; which allows me to produce butter and cream as well.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>The rest of the day, I clean the barn, do housework, cook, have coffee with the neighbors, and rest a bit. In the evening, the cows return from pasture and I start the second milking. With so many cows, it\u2019s hard to get bored!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>On-site, I have a generator for power and access to water in the yard: life in the mountains is no problem for me! The hardest part for me is the loneliness. Because of the poor condition of the roads, my family rarely visits me in the mountains.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Regarding the sale of the cheeses, Ma\u00efa explains: <strong><em>\u201cMost often, a retailer comes directly to the farm to buy our cheeses. But I think their quality deteriorates during transport.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Indeed, the 18 km to the village takes nearly 2 hours by vehicle, plus another 40 minutes to reach Akhaltsikhe, the regional capital.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3mxs326-622b1f05b7c6917a6b4b927095474681\">\n.avia-section.av-3mxs326-622b1f05b7c6917a6b4b927095474681{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_5'  class='avia-section av-3mxs326-622b1f05b7c6917a6b4b927095474681 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-30  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-40542'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mq6n29dx-681cc888fabe5bee95b1eb8511d9dbab\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-mq6n29dx-681cc888fabe5bee95b1eb8511d9dbab p.toggler{\nfont-size:25px;\nbackground-color:#d2cb50;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-mq6n29dx-681cc888fabe5bee95b1eb8511d9dbab .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nbackground-color:#d2cb50;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-mq6n29dx-681cc888fabe5bee95b1eb8511d9dbab av-elegant-toggle  avia-builder-el-31  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-mq6n26qf-653315321aaa0429231ad11ba046a69b'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-1' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-1' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-1' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"\u27a4 Learn more...\" data-title-open=\"Pasture Land Management\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: \u27a4 Learn more...\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: \u27a4 Learn more...\">\u27a4 Learn more...<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-1' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-1' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Traditionally, Georgian breeders have used pastures based on informal usage rights inherited from ancestral practices or from the Soviet system, where the management of grazing lands was planned and centralized. After independence in 1991, while arable land was privatized, the vast majority of pastures\u2014about 70 to 75% today\u2014remained state-owned.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The customary rights of local communities were not formally recognized in the new legal framework. This has led to the breakdown of transhumance systems, the loss of communal infrastructure (pastoral roads, summer pasture buildings, watering holes), and uncertainty regarding access to resources. In many cases, de facto users have no legal title, which limits their land security and their ability to invest in sustainable management.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Ma\u00efa\u2019s case: \u201cAll the mountain pastures we use belong to the state. (\u2026) To date, there is no specific legislation governing the use of mountain pasture land. There has never been a conflict among users in our mountain area; on the contrary, we help each other as much as possible and support the farmers. (\u2026)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is essential to maintain this practice, because raising livestock in our small villages without access to alpine pastures is practically impossible. The main difficulty remains the condition of the roads, which deteriorates every year. Without government assistance, it is impossible for us to address this on our own.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Today, the legal framework remains fragmented, incomplete, and sometimes ill-suited to the reality of pastoral practices. Only a minority of grazed areas are covered by formal lease agreements. The majority are used under unwritten local arrangements, with little regulation or planning.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since 2021, a government program has aimed to formalize access to public pastures through three-year leases, via auction or direct allocation. To be eligible, breeders must prove they own a minimum number of livestock (cattle or small ruminants), according to criteria set by the authorities. However, this system has been criticized for several reasons: it disadvantages small-scale local breeders, who are often unable to meet the criteria or compete financially with better-capitalized operators; it does not systematically take traditional usage rights into account. Finally, mechanisms for monitoring, oversight, sustainable management requirements, or penalties for misuse remain weak or are applied very unevenly.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-b56qou-1114d701141140ce2fa5a1aef845f519\">\n.avia-section.av-b56qou-1114d701141140ce2fa5a1aef845f519{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_6'  class='avia-section av-b56qou-1114d701141140ce2fa5a1aef845f519 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-32  el_after_av_section  avia-builder-el-last  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-40542'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mq6n2wq4-f0f78eccd9e229010556b833ede9bfde\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mq6n2wq4-f0f78eccd9e229010556b833ede9bfde{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mq6n2wq4-f0f78eccd9e229010556b833ede9bfde .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mq6n2wq4-f0f78eccd9e229010556b833ede9bfde .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mq6n2wq4-f0f78eccd9e229010556b833ede9bfde av-special-heading-h2  avia-builder-el-33  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Pastoralism: A Practice with Multiple Implications<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6n45xc-c1cf9c1affb89cd653a0c87d21e26c05 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Pastoralism and seasonal transhumance play a major economic role in Georgian livestock farming. As Ma\u00efa puts it:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2izw3z2-0fb7c8cd4adc54e6e19dfdf57f653579\">\n.flex_column.av-2izw3z2-0fb7c8cd4adc54e6e19dfdf57f653579{\nborder-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;\npadding:20px 20px 20px 20px;\nbackground-color:#265544;\n}\n.flex_column.av-2izw3z2-0fb7c8cd4adc54e6e19dfdf57f653579 .avia-divider-svg-top{\nborder-radius:20px 20px 0 0;\n}\n.flex_column.av-2izw3z2-0fb7c8cd4adc54e6e19dfdf57f653579 .avia-divider-svg-top svg{\nheight:50px;\nwidth:calc(100% + 1.3px);\nfill:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2izw3z2-0fb7c8cd4adc54e6e19dfdf57f653579 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-35  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><div class='avia-divider-svg avia-divider-svg-opacity-fan avia-divider-svg-top avia-svg-original'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 283.5 19.6\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 18.8 141.8 4.1 283.5 18.8 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 12.6 141.8 4 283.5 12.6 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 6.4 141.8 4 283.5 6.4 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path d=\"M0 0L0 1.2 141.8 4 283.5 1.2 283.5 0z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/div><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1znhdoe-14420cdcafc1ae7c5776de9a59ddfd4d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-1znhdoe-14420cdcafc1ae7c5776de9a59ddfd4d{\nheight:25px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-1znhdoe-14420cdcafc1ae7c5776de9a59ddfd4d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-36  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mq6n4qcs-9e76d2193852c0cf220adc569b801519\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-mq6n4qcs-9e76d2193852c0cf220adc569b801519 .avia_textblock{\npadding:0 40px 0 40px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6n4qcs-9e76d2193852c0cf220adc569b801519 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u201cAs long as I\u2019m a dairy farmer, I\u2019ll go up to the mountain pastures every summer. Otherwise, it\u2019s impossible under our circumstances. The mountain pastures are a tradition, a way of life, and my family\u2019s main source of income. I\u2019m proud that, through my work, I can make cheese that my customers enjoy and for which they thank me, and that I can provide for my family.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div class='flex_column_table av-1sitese-a3bfa38ae5670c8ac1d58f8ada90bc31 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'><div  class='flex_column av-1sitese-a3bfa38ae5670c8ac1d58f8ada90bc31 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-38  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-7x5tmla-a6e1c5e1ff7f2660ee6844f07c33da42\">\n.avia-image-container.av-7x5tmla-a6e1c5e1ff7f2660ee6844f07c33da42 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-7x5tmla-a6e1c5e1ff7f2660ee6844f07c33da42 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-7x5tmla-a6e1c5e1ff7f2660ee6844f07c33da42 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-39  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-40535 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-40535 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='i'  height=\"1707\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-1030x687.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-1500x1000.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-390x260.jpg 390w, https:\/\/www.fert.fr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img-1235-1-1320x880.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-p4c60u-c3cae1b6be31622350e81de9d394f130 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-40  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mq6n7npl-8e3751b2451a171259d1b188374736ec '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">But this practice now faces numerous challenges. From an environmental perspective, it is affected by soil erosion, loss of vegetation, localized overgrazing, or, conversely, undergrazing in depopulated areas. These phenomena are exacerbated by climate change (more frequent droughts, late frosts, and harsh winters). Legally, land policy reform is necessary, particularly to recognize customary rights and establish a framework for the sustainable management of pastoral resources.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":40535,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[329,546,545],"tags":[],"actions-thematique":[],"ressources_action":[],"actualites_action":[735],"actions_actions":[],"class_list":["post-40542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualite-fert","category-home-page","category-news-en","actualites-pays-georgia","actualites-thematique-sustainable-agriculture","actualites_action-ertoba"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pastoralism at a crossroads, in Georgia.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pastoralism remains deeply rooted in rural communities. 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